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BMI (Body Mass Index)
A screening tool used to estimate the amount of body fat a person has based on their height and weight.
TDEE (Total Daily Energy Expenditure)
The total number of calories you burn in a day, including exercise and daily activity.
JSON
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a standard text-based format for representing structured data based on JavaScript object syntax.
Regular Expression (Regex)
A sequence of characters that specifies a search pattern in text.
API (Application Programming Interface)
A set of definitions and protocols for building and integrating application software.
APR (Annual Percentage Rate)
The annual rate charged for borrowing or earned through an investment. APR includes not just the interest rate but also other fees or costs involved in procuring the loan.
Compound Interest
Interest calculated on the initial principal, which also includes all of the accumulated interest from previous periods.
Amortization
The process of spreading out a loan into a series of fixed payments over time. You'll be paying off interest and principal in different amounts each month, although your total payment remains equal.
ROI (Return on Investment)
A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment or compare the efficiency of a number of different investments.
Popular Definition Questions
Quick links to high-demand glossary topics with strong intent signals.
A/B Testing
A user experience research methodology. A/B tests consist of a randomized experiment with two variants, A and B.
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)
A safety system that prevents wheels from locking up during braking, allowing the driver to maintain steering control.
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity per unit of time.
Accounts Receivable (AR)
The balance of money due to a firm for goods or services delivered or used but not yet paid for by customers.
Acre
A unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems.
Actual Cash Value (ACV)
The cost to replace property minus depreciation.
Actuary
A business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty.
Aerobic Exercise
Physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process.
AGI (Artificial General Intelligence)
A theoretical form of AI that possesses the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide variety of tasks, similar to human intelligence.
Agile
A project management approach that values human communication and feedback, adapting to changes, and producing working results.
AI (Artificial Intelligence)
The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.
Algorithm
A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.
Amino Acid
Organic compounds that combine to form proteins.
Amortization
The process of spreading out a loan into a series of fixed payments over time. You'll be paying off interest and principal in different amounts each month, although your total payment remains equal.
Ampere (Amp)
The base unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI).
Anabolic
Metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.
Anaerobic Exercise
Physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate to form.
Angel Investor
A high-net-worth individual who provides financial backing for small startups or entrepreneurs, typically in exchange for ownership equity in the company.
Annuity
A financial product that pays out a fixed stream of payments to an individual, primarily used as an income stream for retirees.
API (Application Programming Interface)
A set of definitions and protocols for building and integrating application software.
API Endpoint
A point at which an API -- the code that allows two software programs to communicate with each other -- connects with the software program.
API Rate Limit
A restriction on the number of API calls a user or client can make within a specified time frame.
Appraisal
An unbiased professional opinion of a home's value.
Appraisal Gap
The difference between the price a buyer agreed to pay for a home and the home's appraised value.
APR (Annual Percentage Rate)
The annual rate charged for borrowing or earned through an investment. APR includes not just the interest rate but also other fees or costs involved in procuring the loan.
APY (Annual Percentage Yield)
The real rate of return on an investment taking into account the effect of compounding interest.
Arbitration
A form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way to resolve disputes outside the courts.
Area
The quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional region, shape, or planar lamina, in the plane.
Asset Allocation
An investment strategy that aims to balance risk and reward by apportioning a portfolio's assets according to an individual's goals, risk tolerance, and investment horizon.
Asset Class
A group of securities that exhibit similar characteristics, behave similarly in the marketplace, and are subject to the same laws and regulations.
Atrophy
The wasting away or decrease in size of an organ or tissue in the body.
ATS (Applicant Tracking System)
Software that manages the recruiting and hiring process, including job postings and storing job applications.
AWD (All-Wheel Drive)
A drivetrain that employs a front, rear and center differential to provide power to all four wheels of a vehicle.
Balance Sheet
A financial statement that reports a company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time.
Bar (Unit)
A metric unit of pressure, but not part of the International System of Units (SI).
Base64
A binary-to-text encoding schemes that represent binary data in an ASCII string format by translating it into a radix-64 representation.
Basis Point (BPS)
A unit of measure used in finance to describe the percentage change in the value or rate of a financial instrument.
Bear Market
A condition in which securities prices fall 20% or more from recent highs.
Beneficiary
A person or entity entitled to receive the claim amount and other benefits upon the death of the benefactor or on the maturity of the policy.
Billable Hours
Hours of work that can be charged to a client.
Binary System
A base-2 numeral system used by computers.
Biometrics
Body measurements and calculations related to human characteristics.
Bit
The basic unit of information in computing and digital communications.
Blockchain
A shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network.
BMI (Body Mass Index)
A screening tool used to estimate the amount of body fat a person has based on their height and weight.
BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)
The number of calories your body burns while at rest to maintain basic life functions like breathing and circulation.
Body Fat Percentage
The total mass of fat divided by total body mass, multiplied by 100. It is a more accurate measure of fitness than BMI.
Bond
A fixed income instrument that represents a loan made by an investor to a borrower (typically corporate or governmental).
Break-Even Point
The point at which total cost and total revenue are equal.
BRRRR Method
A real estate investment strategy: Buy, Rehab, Rent, Refinance, Repeat.
Budget
An estimation of revenue and expenses over a specified future period of time and is usually compiled and re-evaluated on a periodic basis.
Bug Bounty Program
A deal offered by many websites, organizations and software developers by which individuals can receive recognition and compensation for reporting bugs, especially those pertaining to security exploits and vulnerabilities.
Bull Market
A financial market of a group of securities in which prices are rising or are expected to rise.
Burn Rate
The rate at which a new company uses up its venture capital to finance overhead before generating positive cash flow from operations.
Burnout
A state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress.
Byte
A unit of digital information that consists of eight bits.
CAC (Customer Acquisition Cost)
The cost associated with convincing a consumer to buy a product or service, including research, marketing, and advertising costs.
Calculus
The mathematical study of continuous change.
Candela (cd)
The SI unit of luminous intensity.
Cap Rate (Capitalization Rate)
A metric used in real estate to indicate the rate of return that is expected to be generated on a real estate investment property.
Cap Table (Capitalization Table)
A table providing an analysis of a company's percentages of ownership, equity dilution, and value of equity in each round of investment.
Capacity
The maximum amount that something can contain.
Capital Gains Tax
A tax on the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset.
Carbon Footprint
The total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by our actions.
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Cash Flow
The net amount of cash and cash equivalents being transferred into and out of a business.
Cash on Cash Return
A rate of return ratio that calculates the total cash earned on the total cash invested in a property.
Catabolic
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
Celsius (°C)
A temperature scale where 0°C is the freezing point of water and 100°C is the boiling point.
Chain of Thought
A prompting technique that encourages the model to break down a complex problem into intermediate steps.
Change Order
A written amendment to an existing construction contract that alters the scope of work, price, or timeline.
Chassis
The load-bearing framework of an artificial object, which structurally supports the object in its construction and function.
Chronotype
The natural inclination of your body to sleep at a certain time, also known as your "body clock."
Churn Rate
The rate at which customers stop doing business with an entity.
CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery)
A set of operating principles and practices that enable application development teams to deliver code changes more frequently and reliably.
Circadian Rhythm
Physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle.
Clawback
A contractual provision that requires an employee to return money already paid (like a signing bonus) if they leave the company within a certain period.
Closing Costs
Fees paid at the closing of a real estate transaction.
Closing Disclosure
A five-page form that provides final details about the mortgage loan you have selected.
Closing Disclosure (CD)
A five-page form that provides final details about the mortgage loan you have selected.
Cloud Computing
The delivery of different services through the Internet, including data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.
CLV (Customer Lifetime Value)
A prediction of the net profit attributed to the entire future relationship with a customer.
CMYK Color Model
A subtractive color model, used in color printing.
Code-Share Agreement
An aviation business arrangement where two or more airlines publish and market the same flight under their own airline designator and flight number.
Coefficient
A numerical or constant quantity placed before and multiplying the variable in an algebraic expression.
Coinsurance
The percentage of costs of a covered health care service you pay (20%, for example) after you've paid your deductible.
Collision Coverage
Auto insurance that covers damage to your vehicle from a collision with another car or object.
Combination
A selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter.
Composite Number
A positive integer that can be formed by multiplying two smaller positive integers. Equivalently, it is a positive integer that has at least one divisor other than 1 and itself.
Compound Interest
Interest calculated on the initial principal, which also includes all of the accumulated interest from previous periods.
Comprehensive Coverage
Auto insurance that covers damage to your vehicle from non-collision events (theft, fire, hail, vandalism).
Concrete Slab
A common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete.
Constant
A value that does not change.
Consulate
A smaller diplomatic mission, typically located in major cities other than the capital.
Container (Tech)
A standard unit of software that packages up code and all its dependencies so the application runs quickly and reliably from one computing environment to another.
Context Window
The amount of text (measured in tokens) that an LLM can consider at one time when generating a response.
Contingency (Real Estate)
A clause in a real estate purchase agreement specifying an action or requirement that must be met for the contract to become legally binding.
Conversion Rate
The percentage of visitors to a website that complete a desired goal (a conversion) out of the total number of visitors.
Copay (Copayment)
A fixed amount ($20, for example) you pay for a covered health care service after you've paid your deductible.
Coprime
Two numbers are coprime if the only positive integer that divides both of them is 1.
Copyright
A type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to make copies of a creative work, usually for a limited time.
Corner Bead
A strip of metal or plastic applied to the external corners of drywall to create a sharp, durable edge.
Correlation
A statistic that measures the degree to which two variables move in relation to each other.
CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)
A mechanism that allows restricted resources on a web page to be requested from another domain outside the domain from which the first resource was served.
Cortisol
A steroid hormone that regulates a wide range of processes throughout the body, including metabolism and the immune response.
Cosine (cos)
A trigonometric function of an angle. In a right triangle, it is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse.
Cover Letter
A letter of introduction attached to or accompanying another document such as a résumé or curriculum vitae.
CPA (Cost Per Acquisition)
A marketing metric that measures the aggregate cost to acquire one paying customer on a campaign or channel level.
CPI (Consumer Price Index)
A measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food, and medical care.
Credit Hour
A unit that gives weight to the value, level, or time requirements of an academic course.
Credit Note
A document issued by a seller to a buyer to notify that a credit is being applied to their account.
Cron
A software utility in Unix-like computer operating systems that is a time-based job scheduler.
CRUD
Create, Read, Update, Delete.
Cryptocurrency
A digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend.
CSS Box Model
A box that wraps around every HTML element.
CSS Box Shadow
A CSS property that adds shadow effects around an element's frame.
CSS Gradient
A CSS image made of a progressive transition between two or more colors.
CTR (Click-Through Rate)
The ratio of users who click on a specific link to the number of total users who view a page, email, or advertisement.
Curb Appeal
The attractiveness of a property for sale and its surroundings when viewed from the street.
Customs
The official department that administers and collects the duties levied by a government on imported goods.
Cybersecurity
The practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks.
Debt Avalanche Method
A debt reduction strategy where you pay off debt in order of highest interest rate to lowest interest rate.
Debt Snowball Method
A debt reduction strategy where you pay off debt in order of smallest balance to largest balance, gaining psychological momentum.
Deductible
The amount you pay for covered health care services before your insurance plan starts to pay.
Deed
A legal document that grants the holder ownership of a piece of real estate or other property.
Deep Learning
A subset of machine learning based on artificial neural networks with representation learning.
Depreciation
The reduction in the value of an asset over time, due in particular to wear and tear.
Depreciation (Automotive)
The decline in a car's value over time.
Derivative
A measurement of how a function changes as its input changes.
Determinant
A scalar value that can be computed from the elements of a square matrix.
DevOps
A set of practices that combines software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops).
Diversification
A risk management strategy that mixes a wide variety of investments within a portfolio.
Dividend
A distribution of a portion of a company's earnings, decided by the board of directors, paid to a class of its shareholders.
DNS (Domain Name System)
The phonebook of the Internet. It translates domain names to IP addresses.
Dopamine
A type of neurotransmitter. Your body makes it, and your nervous system uses it to send messages between nerve cells.
Drywall
A panel made of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) represented by a paper backer and used in the construction of interior walls and ceilings.
DST (Daylight Saving Time)
The practice of advancing clocks during warmer months so that darkness falls later each day according to the clock.
DTI (Debt-to-Income Ratio)
The percentage of your gross monthly income that goes to paying your monthly debt payments.
Duty-Free
Goods exempt from the payment of certain local or national taxes and duties.
E-commerce
Commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet.
Earnest Money
Money paid to confirm a contract.
EBITDA
Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization.
Economies of Scale
Cost advantages reaped by companies when production becomes efficient.
Electrolytes
Minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge.
Embassy
The official headquarters of a country's ambassador and staff in the capital city of a foreign country.
Embedding
A numerical representation of a piece of information (like text or an image) as a vector of real numbers.
Encryption
The process of encoding information with a key so that only authorized parties can access it.
Engine Displacement
The total volume of air/fuel mixture an engine can draw in during one complete engine cycle.
EPS (Earnings Per Share)
A company's net profit divided by the number of common shares it has outstanding.
Equity
The difference between the market value of your home and the amount you owe to the lender.
Equity Dilution
The decrease in existing shareholders' ownership percentage of a company as a result of the company issuing new equity.
ESC (Electronic Stability Control)
A technology that improves a vehicle's stability by detecting and reducing loss of traction.
Escrow
A legal arrangement where a third party holds funds or assets until a specific condition is met.
eSIM
Embedded SIM. A programmable SIM card that is embedded directly into a device.
Estate Tax
A tax levied on the net value of the estate of a deceased person before distribution to the heirs.
ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund)
A type of investment fund and exchange-traded product, i.e., they are traded on stock exchanges.
ETIAS
European Travel Information and Authorization System.
Euclidean Algorithm
An efficient method for computing the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers.
EV (Electric Vehicle)
A vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion.
Exchange Rate
The value of one currency for the purpose of conversion to another.
Executor
An individual appointed to administer the estate of a deceased person.
Expense Report
A form used by employees to request reimbursement for business expenses.
Factorial
The product of an integer and all the integers below it.
FAFSA
Free Application for Federal Student Aid.
Fahrenheit (°F)
A temperature scale where 32°F is the freezing point of water and 212°F is the boiling point.
Favicon
A small icon associated with a particular website or web page.
Fiber (Dietary)
The indigestible portion of food derived from plants.
Fibonacci Sequence
A series of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones.
FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act)
A US federal payroll tax.
Fine-Tuning
The process of taking a pre-trained model and training it further on a smaller, specific dataset to improve its performance on a particular task.
FIRE (Financial Independence, Retire Early)
A movement dedicated to a program of extreme savings and investment that allows proponents to retire far earlier than traditional budgets and retirement plans would allow.
Fiscal Year
A one-year period that companies and governments use for financial reporting and budgeting.
Fixed Cost
A cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the amount of goods or services produced or sold.
Flashing
Thin pieces of impervious material installed to prevent water from passing into a structure from a joint or as part of a weather resistant barrier system.
Foreclosure
A legal process in which a lender attempts to recover the balance of a loan from a borrower who has stopped making payments.
Foreign Key
A field (or collection of fields) in one table, that refers to the primary key in another table.
Forex (Foreign Exchange)
The market where currencies are traded.
Four Square Worksheet
A sales technique used by car dealers to confuse buyers by manipulating four variables: Price, Trade-in Value, Down Payment, and Monthly Payment.
FSA (Flexible Spending Account)
A special account you put money into that you use to pay for certain out-of-pocket health care costs.
Futures Contract
A legal agreement to buy or sell a particular commodity asset, or security at a predetermined price at a specified time in the future.
GAP Insurance (Auto)
Insurance that covers the "gap" between what you owe on your car loan and the car's actual cash value if it is totaled.
GAP Insurance (Guaranteed Asset Protection)
Car insurance coverage that pays the difference between the vehicle's actual cash value and the amount you owe on your auto loan.
GCD (Greatest Common Divisor)
The largest positive integer that divides each of two or more integers without leaving a remainder.
Generative AI
A category of artificial intelligence that can create new content, including text, images, audio, and video, in response to prompts.
Gestation
The process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth.
GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter)
A fast-acting circuit breaker designed to shut off electric power in the event of a ground-fault within as little as 1/40 of a second.
Gift Letter
A written statement signed by the donor confirming that money given to a homebuyer for a down payment is a gift, not a loan.
Git
A distributed version control system for tracking changes in source code during software development.
Git Branch
A lightweight movable pointer to one of these commits.
Git Clone
A command that targets an existing repository and creates a clone, or copy of the target repository.
Git Commit
An operation which sends the latest changes of the source code to the repository.
Git Merge
A way to put a forked history back together.
Git Rebase
Reapplying commits on top of another base tip.
Global Entry
A US Customs and Border Protection program that allows expedited clearance for pre-approved, low-risk travelers upon arrival in the United States.
Glycemic Index (GI)
A relative ranking of carbohydrate in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels.
Glycemic Load (GL)
A number that estimates how much the food will raise a person's blood glucose level after eating it.
Glymphatic System
A waste clearance system in the brain that removes toxic proteins (like beta-amyloid) primarily during sleep.
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
The mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London.
Golden Ratio
A special number approximately equal to 1.618.
GPA (Grade Point Average)
A number representing the average value of the accumulated final grades earned in courses over time.
Gradian
A unit of plane angle, equivalent to 1/400 of a turn.
GraphQL
A query language for your API, and a server-side runtime for executing queries by using a type system you define for your data.
Great Circle Route
The shortest path between two points on the surface of a sphere.
Green Board
A type of water-resistant drywall used in damp areas like bathrooms and kitchens.
Grout
A mortar or paste for filling crevices, especially the gaps between wall or floor tiles.
Hallucination (AI)
A phenomenon where an AI model generates incorrect or nonsensical information confidently.
Hash Function
A function that converts an input (or "message") into a fixed-size string of bytes. The output is typically unique to each unique input.
Heart Rate
The speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions (beats) of the heart per minute (bpm).
Hectare
A metric unit of square measure, equal to 100 ares (10,000 square meters).
Hedge Fund
A limited partnership of investors that uses high risk methods, such as investing with borrowed money, in hopes of realizing large capital gains.
HELOC (Home Equity Line of Credit)
A loan in which the lender agrees to lend a maximum amount within an agreed period (called a term), where the collateral is the borrower's equity in their house.
Hertz (Hz)
The unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), defined as one cycle per second.
Hex Code (Color)
A way of specifying colors using hexadecimal values.
Hexadecimal
A base-16 numeral system used in computing.
HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training)
A training technique in which you give all-out, one hundred percent effort through quick, intense bursts of exercise, followed by short, sometimes active, recovery periods.
Histogram
A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.
HMO (Health Maintenance Organization)
A type of health insurance plan that usually limits coverage to care from doctors who work for or contract with the HMO.
Home Inspection
A limited, non-invasive examination of the condition of a home, often in connection with the sale of that home.
Homeostasis
The state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
Horsepower (hp)
A unit of measurement of power, or the rate at which work is done.
House Poor
A situation where a person spends a large proportion of their total income on home ownership.
HSA (Health Savings Account)
A tax-advantaged medical savings account available to taxpayers in the United States who are enrolled in a high-deductible health plan (HDHP).
HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness)
A cylindrical-coordinate representation of points in an RGB color model.
HTML Entities
A piece of text ("string") that begins with an ampersand (&) and ends with a semicolon (;) used to display reserved characters in HTML.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
The foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
Hub (Airport)
An airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination.
HVAC
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.
Hydration
The process of causing something to absorb water, or the state of being hydrated.
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
Hypertrophy
The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells.
Hypothesis Testing
A method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data at hand sufficiently support a particular hypothesis.
ICE (Internal Combustion Engine)
An engine that generates power by burning fuel (gasoline, diesel) inside the engine.
Identity Matrix
A square matrix in which all the elements of the principal diagonal are ones and all other elements are zeros.
Improper Fraction
A fraction where the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator.
Income Statement
A financial statement that reports a company's financial performance over a specific accounting period.
Inflation
The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling.
Insomnia
A sleep disorder in which you have trouble falling and/or staying asleep.
Insulin
A hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.
Integral
Assigns numbers to functions in a way that describes displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data.
Intellectual Property (IP)
A category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect.
Interest Capitalization
The addition of unpaid interest to the principal balance of a loan.
Inventory
The raw materials used to produce goods as well as the goods that are available for sale.
Invoice
A commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer, relating to a sale transaction and indicating the products, quantities, and agreed prices.
Invoice Price
The price the dealer pays the manufacturer for the vehicle.
IoT (Internet of Things)
The network of physical objects—'things'—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.
IP Address
A unique string of numbers separated by periods that identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network.
IPO (Initial Public Offering)
The process of offering shares of a private corporation to the public in a new stock issuance.
ISO 8601
An international standard covering the exchange of date- and time-related data.
Itinerary
A planned route or journey.
Jet Lag
A temporary sleep disorder that can affect anyone who travels quickly across multiple time zones.
Jet Stream
Fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets, including Earth.
Joist
Horizontal structural members used to support a floor or ceiling.
Joule
The SI unit of work or energy.
JPEG
A commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images.
JSON
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a standard text-based format for representing structured data based on JavaScript object syntax.
JWT (JSON Web Token)
An open standard (RFC 7519) that defines a compact and self-contained way for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object.
Kanban
A popular framework used to implement agile and DevOps software development.
Kelvin (K)
The base unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI).
Kitchen Work Triangle
A design concept used to determine efficient kitchen layouts.
KPI (Key Performance Indicator)
A quantifiable measure used to evaluate the success of an organization, employee, etc. in meeting objectives for performance.
Kubernetes
An open-source container orchestration system for automating software deployment, scaling, and management.
kWh/100 miles
A measure of efficiency for electric vehicles, indicating how many kilowatt-hours of energy are needed to travel 100 miles.
Lactate Threshold
The intensity of exercise at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood faster than it can be removed.
Laminate Flooring
A multi-layer synthetic flooring product fused together with a lamination process.
Latency
The time it takes for data to pass from one point on a network to another.
Latex Paint
Water-based paint.
Layover
A period of waiting between connecting flights.
LBM (Lean Body Mass)
Your total body weight minus the weight of your body fat.
LCM (Least Common Multiple)
The smallest positive integer that is divisible by both of two or more numbers.
Leap Year
A calendar year that contains an additional day (February 29th) to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical year.
Lease
A contract where you pay to use a vehicle for a set period and mileage limit, then return it.
Left-Digit Effect
A psychological phenomenon where consumers perceive a price like $9.99 as significantly lower than $10.00 because they focus on the leftmost digit.
Liability Insurance
Insurance that provides protection against claims resulting from injuries and damage to people and/or property.
Lien
A right to keep possession of property belonging to another person until a debt owed by that person is discharged.
Lifestyle Creep
The phenomenon where discretionary consumption increases on par with an increase in income.
Light Year
A unit of length used to express astronomical distances. It is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one year.
Limit (Calculus)
The value that a function (or sequence) approaches as the input (or index) approaches some value.
Linear Equation
An equation between two variables that gives a straight line when plotted on a graph.
Linear Regression
A linear approach to modeling the relationship between a scalar response and one or more explanatory variables.
Liquidity
The efficiency or ease with which an asset or security can be converted into ready cash without affecting its market price.
LLM (Large Language Model)
A type of artificial intelligence algorithm that uses deep learning techniques and massively large data sets to understand, summarize, generate, and predict new content.
Load Balancer
A device that acts as a reverse proxy and distributes network or application traffic across a number of servers.
Load-Bearing Wall
A wall that holds the weight of the structure above it.
Loan Estimate
A three-page form that you receive after applying for a mortgage.
Logistics
The detailed coordination of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies.
LTV (Loan-to-Value Ratio)
A financial term used to express the ratio of a loan to the value of an asset purchased.
Machine Learning
A subset of artificial intelligence that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.
Macronutrient
Nutrients required in large amounts that provide energy.
Macros (Macronutrients)
The three main nutrients that provide energy: Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fats.
Margin
The difference between the seller's cost for acquiring products and the selling price.
Markdown
A lightweight markup language for creating formatted text using a plain-text editor.
Market Capitalization
The total value of a company's shares of stock.
Mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object, usually measured in grams or kilograms.
Matrix
A rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns.
MDF (Medium-Density Fiberboard)
An engineered wood product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming it into panels.
Mean (Average)
The sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection.
Mechanic's Lien
A security interest in the title to property for the benefit of those who have supplied labor or materials that improve the property.
Median
The value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample.
Medicaid
A health care program that assists low-income families or individuals in paying for doctor visits, hospital stays, long-term medical, etc.
Medicare
A US federal health insurance program for people who are 65 or older.
MedPay (Medical Payments Coverage)
Auto insurance coverage that pays for medical and funeral expenses for you and your passengers after an accident, regardless of fault.
Melatonin
A hormone primarily released by the pineal gland at night, and has long been associated with control of the sleep–wake cycle.
Meta Tags
Snippets of text that describe a page's content.
Metabolism
The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
Micronutrient
Chemical elements or substances required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.
Millage Rate
The amount per $1,000 used to calculate taxes on property.
Minification
The process of removing all unnecessary characters from source code without changing its functionality.
Mitochondria
Membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions.
Mixed Number
A number consisting of an integer and a proper fraction.
MLS (Multiple Listing Service)
A database established by cooperating real estate brokers to provide data about properties for sale.
Mode
The value that appears most often in a set of data values.
Mole (Unit)
The SI unit of amount of substance.
Money Factor
A number used to calculate the interest charge on a lease.
MPG (Miles Per Gallon)
A measurement of how far a car can travel on one gallon of fuel.
MSRP (Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price)
The price that a vehicle's manufacturer recommends it be sold for.
Mutual Fund
A company that brings together money from many people and invests it in stocks, bonds, or other assets.
MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator)
A wireless communications services provider that does not own the wireless network infrastructure over which it provides services.
MVP (Minimum Viable Product)
A version of a product with just enough features to be usable by early customers who can then provide feedback for future product development.
NDA (Non-Disclosure Agreement)
A legal contract between at least two parties that outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict access to.
NEAT
Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis. The energy expended for everything we do that is not sleeping, eating, or sports-like exercise.
Negative Equity
A financial situation where you owe more on your car loan than the vehicle is currently worth.
Net 30
A payment term on an invoice where payment is due 30 days after the invoice date.
Net Proceeds
The amount received by the seller after all costs and expenses are deducted from the gross proceeds.
Net Worth
The value of all assets, minus the total of all liabilities.
Neural Network
A computer system modeled on the human brain and nervous system.
Neuroplasticity
The ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury.
Newton (N)
The SI unit of force.
Newton (Unit)
The SI unit of force.
Nibble
A four-bit aggregation, or half an octet.
NLP (Natural Language Processing)
A subfield of linguistics, computer science, and AI concerned with the interactions between computers and human language.
Nocebo
A detrimental effect on health produced by psychological or psychosomatic factors such as negative expectations of treatment or prognosis.
NOI (Net Operating Income)
A calculation used to analyze the profitability of income-generating real estate investments.
Non-Compete Agreement
A contract where an employee agrees not to enter into competition with an employer after the employment period is over.
Normal Distribution
A probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean.
Normalization (Database)
The process of organizing data in a database.
NPM (Node Package Manager)
A package manager for the JavaScript programming language.
OAuth (Open Authorization)
An open standard for access delegation, commonly used as a way for Internet users to grant websites or applications access to their information on other websites but without giving them the passwords.
Octal
A base-8 numeral system.
Octane Rating
A standard measure of the performance of an engine or aviation fuel.
Odometer
An instrument for measuring the distance traveled by a vehicle.
Offer Letter
A formal document sent to a candidate offering them a job.
Ohm
The SI derived unit of electrical resistance.
Oil-Based Paint
Paint consisting of pigment suspended in a drying oil.
OKR (Objectives and Key Results)
A goal-setting framework for defining and tracking objectives and their outcomes.
Onboarding
The action or process of integrating a new employee into an organization or familiarizing a new customer or client with one's products or services.
One Rep Max (1RM)
The maximum amount of weight you can lift for a single repetition of a given exercise.
Open Graph Protocol
A protocol that allows any web page to become a rich object in a social graph.
Open Source
Software for which the original source code is made freely available and may be redistributed and modified.
Opportunity Cost
The potential benefits that an individual, investor, or business misses out on when choosing one alternative over another.
Options
Contracts that grant the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a set price on or before a certain date.
Osteoporosis
A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.
OTE (On-Target Earnings)
The total expected pay if an employee hits all their performance targets or quotas.
Out-of-Pocket Maximum
The most you have to pay for covered services in a plan year.
Out-the-Door Price (OTD)
The total cash price you pay to drive the car off the lot, including the vehicle price, taxes, fees, and documentation costs.
P-Value
The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
P/E Ratio (Price-to-Earnings)
The ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its per-share earnings.
Package Manager
A collection of software tools that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs.
Parsec (pc)
A unit of distance used in astronomy, equal to about 3.26 light years.
Pascal (Pa)
The SI unit of pressure.
Passport
An official document issued by a government, certifying the holder's identity and citizenship and entitling them to travel under its protection to and from foreign countries.
Patent
A type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of years.
Pay Yourself First
A budgeting strategy where you route a portion of your income to savings or investments immediately upon receiving your paycheck, before paying any bills.
Pension
A fund into which a sum of money is added during an employee's employment years and from which payments are drawn to support the person's retirement.
Per Diem
A daily allowance for expenses, creating a limit on the amount an employee can spend per day while traveling for business.
Percentage Point
The numerical difference between two percentages.
Percentile
A measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given percentage of observations in a group of observations falls.
Perfect Number
A positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper positive divisors.
Permutation
An arrangement of its members into a sequence or linear order, or if the set is already ordered, a rearrangement of its elements.
PEX (Cross-linked Polyethylene)
A form of flexible water supply piping used for both hot and cold water supply lines.
PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)
A hybrid vehicle that can be recharged by plugging it into an external source of electric power, as well as by its on-board engine and generator.
Phishing
A type of social engineering where an attacker sends a fraudulent message designed to trick a human victim into revealing sensitive information.
Pi (π)
The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. It is an irrational number, which means that it cannot be expressed as a common fraction, although fractions such as 22/7 are commonly used to approximate it.
PIP (Performance Improvement Plan)
A formal document that outlines any recurring performance issues and goals that an employee needs to achieve to regain good standing.
PITI
An acronym for the four main components of a monthly mortgage payment: Principal, Interest, Taxes, and Insurance.
Placebo
A substance or treatment with no active therapeutic effect.
Placebo Effect
A beneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment, which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment.
Plywood
A material manufactured from thin layers or 'plies' of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another.
PMI (Private Mortgage Insurance)
A type of insurance involved in a mortgage that protects the lender if the borrower defaults on the loan. It is usually required if your down payment is less than 20%.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
A raster-graphics file format that supports lossless data compression.
Points (Mortgage Points)
Fees paid directly to the lender at closing in exchange for a reduced interest rate. One point costs 1% of your mortgage amount.
Pomodoro Technique
A time management method that uses a timer to break work into intervals, traditionally 25 minutes in length, separated by short breaks.
Pound-force (lbf)
A unit of force in some systems of measurement.
Power of Attorney
A legal authorization that gives a designated person the power to act for another person.
PPC (Pay-Per-Click)
An internet advertising model used to drive traffic to websites, in which an advertiser pays a publisher (typically a search engine, website owner, or a network of websites) when the ad is clicked.
PPO (Preferred Provider Organization)
A type of health plan that contracts with medical providers, such as hospitals and doctors, to create a network of participating providers.
Premium
The amount you pay for your health insurance every month.
Pressure
Continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it.
Primary Key
A specific choice of a minimal set of attributes (columns) that uniquely specify a tuple (row) in a relation (table).
Prime Number
A natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers.
Private Equity
Capital that is not listed on a public exchange.
Probability
The branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur.
Probability Distribution
A mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes for an experiment.
Probate
The judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased.
Prompt Engineering
The process of structuring text that can be interpreted and understood by a generative AI model.
Protein
Large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
PSI (Pounds per Square Inch)
A unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois forces and units.
PSLF (Public Service Loan Forgiveness)
A US government program that forgives the remaining balance on Direct Loans after you have made 120 qualifying monthly payments while working full-time for a qualifying employer.
Pull Request (PR)
A method of submitting contributions to an open-development project.
Punch List
A document prepared near the end of a construction project listing work not conforming to contract specifications that the contractor must complete prior to final payment.
Purchasing Power
The value of a currency expressed in terms of the amount of goods or services that one unit of money can buy.
Pythagorean Theorem
A fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle. It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.
R-Value
A measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, resists the conductive flow of heat.
Radian
The standard unit of angular measure.
RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)
A technique for enhancing the accuracy and reliability of generative AI models with facts fetched from external sources.
Recession
A business cycle contraction when there is a general decline in economic activity.
Refactoring
The process of restructuring existing computer code—changing the factoring—without changing its external behavior.
Regular Expression (Regex)
A sequence of characters that specifies a search pattern in text.
Reimbursement
Compensation paid to an employee for out-of-pocket business expenses.
REM (Root EM)
A relative unit of length in CSS.
REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement sleep, a unique phase of sleep in mammals and birds, characterized by random rapid movement of the eyes, accompanied by low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream.
Remote Repository
Versions of your project that are hosted on the Internet or network somewhere.
Renewable Energy
Energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power.
Replacement Cost
The cost to replace damaged property with materials of like kind and quality, without deduction for depreciation.
Residual Value
The estimated value of a leased car at the end of the lease term.
Resignation Letter
A formal letter sent by an employee to their employer giving notice that they will be leaving their job.
REST (Representational State Transfer)
An architectural style for an application program interface (API) that uses HTTP requests to access and use data.
Resting Heart Rate (RHR)
The number of times your heart beats per minute while you are at rest.
Revenge Bedtime Procrastination
A psychological phenomenon where people who lack control over their daytime life refuse to sleep early to regain a sense of freedom at night.
RGB Color Model
An additive color model in which Red, Green, and Blue light are added together to reproduce a broad array of colors.
Rider
An insurance policy provision that adds benefits to or amends the terms of a basic insurance policy.
RMD (Required Minimum Distribution)
The minimum amount you must withdraw from your retirement accounts each year once you reach a certain age (currently 73).
Roaming
The ability for a cellular customer to automatically make and receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the geographical coverage area of their home network.
ROI (Return on Investment)
A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment.
ROI (Return on Investment)
A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment or compare the efficiency of a number of different investments.
Roth IRA
An individual retirement account that offers tax-free growth and tax-free withdrawals in retirement.
RSU Vesting
The schedule that determines when restricted stock units become yours over time, usually in quarterly or annual tranches.
Rule of 72
A simple way to determine how long an investment will take to double given a fixed annual rate of interest.
Rule of 78s
A method of calculating interest refunds on a pre-computed loan that heavily favors the lender if the loan is paid off early.
Runway
The amount of time a company has before it runs out of cash.
SaaS (Software as a Service)
A software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is centrally hosted.
Safe Withdrawal Rate (4% Rule)
The percentage of your portfolio you can withdraw annually in retirement without running out of money for at least 30 years.
Sales Funnel
A consumer-focused marketing model that illustrates the theoretical customer journey towards the purchase of a good or service.
Sarcopenia
The age-related progressive loss of muscle mass and strength.
SBI Model
A framework for giving feedback: Situation, Behavior, Impact.
Scatter Plot
A type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data.
Schengen Area
An area comprising 27 European countries that have officially abolished all passport and other types of border control at their mutual borders.
Scholarship
A grant or payment made to support a student's education, awarded on the basis of academic or other achievement.
Scientific Notation
A way of expressing numbers that are too large or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form.
Scrum
An agile framework for developing, delivering, and sustaining complex products.
Self-Employment Tax
A tax consisting of Social Security and Medicare taxes primarily for individuals who work for themselves.
SEM (Search Engine Marketing)
A form of Internet marketing that involves the promotion of websites by increasing their visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs) primarily through paid advertising.
Semantic Versioning (SemVer)
A versioning scheme for software that uses a three-part number format: Major.Minor.Patch.
SEO (Search Engine Optimization)
The process of improving the quality and quantity of website traffic to a website or a web page from search engines.
Serotonin
A key hormone that stabilizes our mood, feelings of well-being, and happiness.
Serverless
A cloud computing execution model where the cloud provider runs the server, and dynamically manages the allocation of machine resources.
Set Theory
A branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which informally are collections of objects.
Severance Package
Pay and benefits employees receive when they leave employment at a company.
Shingle
A roof covering unit consisting of individual overlapping elements.
Shrinkflation
The practice of reducing the size or quantity of a product while the price of the product remains the same or slightly increases.
Sieve of Eratosthenes
An ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit.
Significant Figures
The digits in a number that contribute to its precision.
SIM Card
Subscriber Identity Module. A smart card inside mobile phones.
Sine (sin)
A trigonometric function of an angle. In a right triangle, it is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse.
Singular Matrix
A square matrix that does not have a matrix inverse.
Sleep Apnea
A serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts.
Sleep Cycle
An oscillation between the slow-wave and REM (paradoxical) phases of sleep.
Sleep Inertia
The state of grogginess and impaired cognitive performance experienced immediately after waking up.
Social Jetlag
The discrepancy between an individual's biological clock and their social clock (work/school schedules).
Social Security
A US federal program of social insurance and benefits.
SQL (Structured Query Language)
A domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system.
SQL Injection
A code injection technique, used to attack data-driven applications, in which malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution.
Square Foot
A unit of area used in the imperial and US customary systems.
SSH (Secure Shell)
A cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network.
SSL/TLS
Protocols for establishing authenticated and encrypted links between networked computers.
Staging Area
A file (generally contained in your Git directory) that stores information about what will go into your next commit.
Standard Atmosphere (atm)
A unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa.
Standard Deviation
A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.
STAR Method
A technique for answering behavioral interview questions.
Steradian (sr)
The SI unit of solid angle.
Stock
A type of security that signifies proportionate ownership in the issuing corporation.
Stroke Volume
The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.
Stud (Construction)
Vertical framing members in a wall.
Subcutaneous Fat
The jiggly fat visible just under the skin.
Subvented Interest Rate
A below-market interest rate (e.g., 0% or 0.9%) subsidized by the auto manufacturer to incentivize sales.
Sunk Costs
Money that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered.
Supply Chain
A network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer.
Suspension
The system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two.
Sustainability
Avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance.
SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
An XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics.
Sweat Equity
The increase in value of a property earned from the labor of the owner rather than a financial investment.
SWOT Analysis
A strategic planning technique used to help a person or organization identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
Tachometer
An instrument that measures the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine.
Tangent (tan)
A trigonometric function of an angle. In a right triangle, it is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side.
TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)
The comprehensive cost of owning a vehicle, including purchase price, fuel, insurance, maintenance, repairs, and depreciation.
TDEE (Total Daily Energy Expenditure)
The total number of calories you burn in a day, including exercise and daily activity.
Tear-Off
The process of completely removing the old roof material down to the deck before installing a new roof.
Technical Debt
The implied cost of additional rework caused by choosing an easy (limited) solution now instead of using a better approach that would take longer.
TEF (Thermic Effect of Food)
The energy required for digestion, absorption, and disposal of ingested nutrients.
Tenure
A category of academic appointment that ensures a professor can only be terminated for cause.
Term Life Insurance
Life insurance that guarantees payment of a stated death benefit if the covered person dies during a specified term.
Throughput
The rate of production or the rate at which something can be processed.
Time Zone
A region of the globe that observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes.
Timesheet
A method for recording the amount of a worker's time spent on each job.
Title Insurance
A form of indemnity insurance that protects the holder from financial loss sustained from defects in a title to a property.
Title Search
An examination of public records to determine and confirm a property's legal ownership.
Token (AI)
The basic unit of text that an LLM processes.
Torque
A twisting force that causes rotation. In cars, it determines how fast you can accelerate.
Torr
A unit of pressure based on an absolute scale.
Tort
A civil wrong that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm, resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act.
Total Compensation (TC)
The complete package of value an employee receives, including base salary, bonuses, equity/stock, and benefits.
Trademark
A recognizable sign, design, or expression which identifies products or services of a particular source from those of others.
Traditional IRA
An individual retirement account that allows your contributions to grow tax-deferred.
Transformer Model
A deep learning architecture that relies on the self-attention mechanism, detecting how different elements in a sequence of data depend on each other.
Transmission
A machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power.
Travel Advisory
An official warning statement issued by a government agency to provide information about the relative safety of travelling to or visiting one or more specific foreign countries and destinations.
Travel Insurance
Insurance that is intended to cover medical expenses, trip cancellation, lost luggage, flight accident and other losses incurred while traveling.
Trimester
A period of three months, especially as a division of the duration of pregnancy.
Truncation
The act of limiting the number of digits right of the decimal point by discarding the least significant ones.
Trust (Legal)
A fiduciary arrangement where a third party (trustee) holds assets on behalf of a beneficiary.
TSA PreCheck
A U.S. government program that allows travelers deemed low-risk to pass through an expedited security screening.
Turbocharger
A turbine-driven forced induction device that increases an internal combustion engine's efficiency and power output.
Twin Primes
A pair of prime numbers that differ by 2.
Twitter Card
Meta tags specific to Twitter for rich media previews.
Umbrella Policy
Extra liability insurance coverage that goes beyond the limits of the insured's home, auto, or watercraft insurance.
Underlayment
A water-resistant or waterproof barrier material installed directly onto the roof deck.
Underwriting
The process through which an individual or institution takes on financial risk for a fee.
Unit Economics
The direct revenues and costs associated with a particular business model, expressed on a per-unit basis.
Unit Fraction
A fraction where the numerator is 1 and the denominator is a positive integer.
Unix Timestamp
A way to track time as a running total of seconds. It counts the number of seconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970 (UTC).
URL Encoding (Percent-encoding)
A mechanism for encoding information in a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).
UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
The primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.
UUID (Universal Unique Identifier)
A 128-bit label used for information in computer systems. The probability of duplicates is virtually zero.
Variable
A symbol (usually a letter) standing in for an unknown numerical value in an equation.
Variable Cost
A corporate expense that changes in proportion to production output.
VAT Refund
A refund of the Value Added Tax paid on goods purchased abroad.
Vector Database
A database optimized for storing and querying vectors (embeddings).
Velocity
The speed of something in a given direction.
Venture Capital (VC)
A form of private equity and a type of financing that investors provide to startup companies and small businesses that are believed to have long-term growth potential.
Viewport
The user's visible area of a web page.
VIN (Vehicle Identification Number)
A unique code, including a serial number, used by the automotive industry to identify individual motor vehicles, towed vehicles, motorcycles, scooters and mopeds.
VIN Etching
A dealer add-on service where the vehicle identification number (VIN) is chemically etched onto the windows.
Visa
An endorsement on a passport indicating that the holder is allowed to enter, leave, or stay for a specified period of time in a country.
Visceral Fat
Fat stored within the abdominal cavity around a number of important internal organs.
VO2 Max
The maximum amount of oxygen your body can utilize during intense exercise. It is widely considered the best indicator of cardiovascular fitness.
Volatility
A statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for a given security or market index.
Volt
The derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force.
Volume
The quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains.
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A service that protects your internet connection and privacy online.
W-2 Form
The form that an employer must send to an employee and the IRS at the end of the year.
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
A measurement used to determine health risk distributions.
Watt
The unit of power, defined as one joule per second.
Webhook
A method of augmenting or altering the behavior of a web page or web application with custom callbacks.
WebP
An image format employing both lossy and lossless compression.
WebSocket
A computer communications protocol, providing full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection.
Weight (Physics)
The force exerted on a body by gravity.
Whole Life Insurance
A life insurance policy which is guaranteed to remain in force for the insured's entire lifetime, provided required premiums are paid, or to the maturity date.
Will (Last Will and Testament)
A legal document that expresses a person's wishes as to how their property is to be distributed after their death.
Withholding Tax
Income tax withheld from an employee's wages and paid directly to the government by the employer.
Zero-Based Budgeting
A method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. Every dollar of income is assigned a specific job (savings, expenses, etc.) so that income minus expenses equals zero.
Zero-Day Exploit
A cyber attack that occurs on the same day a weakness is discovered in software.
Zero-Shot Learning
The ability of a model to perform a task without having seen any examples of that specific task during training.
Zone 2 Training
Low-intensity steady-state training (typically 60-70% of Max HR) that builds mitochondrial efficiency and aerobic base.